nix-vector-routing.cc

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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2009 The Georgia Institute of Technology
 * Copyright (c) 2021 NITK Surathkal
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation;
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 *
 * This file is adapted from the old ipv4-nix-vector-routing.cc.
 *
 * Authors: Josh Pelkey <jpelkey@gatech.edu>
 *
 * Modified by: Ameya Deshpande <ameyanrd@outlook.com>
 */
 
#include "nix-vector-routing.h"
 
#include "ns3/abort.h"
#include "ns3/ipv4-list-routing.h"
#include "ns3/log.h"
#include "ns3/loopback-net-device.h"
#include "ns3/names.h"
 
#include <iomanip>
#include <queue>
 
namespace ns3
{
 
NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE("NixVectorRouting");
 
NS_OBJECT_TEMPLATE_CLASS_DEFINE(NixVectorRouting, Ipv4RoutingProtocol);
NS_OBJECT_TEMPLATE_CLASS_DEFINE(NixVectorRouting, Ipv6RoutingProtocol);
 
template <typename T>
bool NixVectorRouting<T>::g_isCacheDirty = false;
 
// Epoch starts from one to make it easier to spot an uninitialized NixVector during debug.
template <typename T>
uint32_t NixVectorRouting<T>::g_epoch = 1;
 
template <typename T>
typename NixVectorRouting<T>::IpAddressToNodeMap NixVectorRouting<T>::g_ipAddressToNodeMap;
 
template <typename T>
typename NixVectorRouting<T>::NetDeviceToIpInterfaceMap
    NixVectorRouting<T>::g_netdeviceToIpInterfaceMap;
 
template <typename T>
TypeId
NixVectorRouting<T>::GetTypeId()
{
    std::string name;
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Ipv4RoutingProtocol>)
    {
        name = "Ipv4";
    }
    else
    {
        name = "Ipv6";
    }
    static TypeId tid = TypeId("ns3::" + name + "NixVectorRouting")
                            .SetParent<T>()
                            .SetGroupName("NixVectorRouting")
                            .template AddConstructor<NixVectorRouting<T>>();
    return tid;
}
 
template <typename T>
NixVectorRouting<T>::NixVectorRouting()
    : m_totalNeighbors(0)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS();
}
 
template <typename T>
NixVectorRouting<T>::~NixVectorRouting()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS();
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::SetIpv4(Ptr<Ip> ipv4)
{
    NS_ASSERT(ipv4);
    NS_ASSERT(!m_ip);
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("Created Ipv4NixVectorProtocol");
 
    m_ip = ipv4;
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::SetIpv6(Ptr<Ip> ipv6)
{
    NS_ASSERT(ipv6);
    NS_ASSERT(!m_ip);
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("Created Ipv6NixVectorProtocol");
 
    m_ip = ipv6;
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::DoInitialize()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
 
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < m_ip->GetNInterfaces(); i++)
    {
        m_ip->SetForwarding(i, true);
    }
 
    T::DoInitialize();
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::DoDispose()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS();
 
    m_node = nullptr;
    m_ip = nullptr;
 
    T::DoDispose();
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::SetNode(Ptr<Node> node)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS();
 
    m_node = node;
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::FlushGlobalNixRoutingCache() const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS();
 
    for (auto i = NodeList::Begin(); i != NodeList::End(); i++)
    {
        Ptr<Node> node = *i;
        Ptr<NixVectorRouting<T>> rp = node->GetObject<NixVectorRouting>();
        if (!rp)
        {
            continue;
        }
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("Flushing Nix caches.");
        rp->FlushNixCache();
        rp->FlushIpRouteCache();
        rp->m_totalNeighbors = 0;
    }
 
    // IP address to node mapping is potentially invalid so clear it.
    // Will be repopulated in lazy evaluation when mapping is needed.
    g_ipAddressToNodeMap.clear();
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::FlushNixCache() const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS();
    m_nixCache.clear();
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::FlushIpRouteCache() const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS();
    m_ipRouteCache.clear();
}
 
template <typename T>
Ptr<NixVector>
NixVectorRouting<T>::GetNixVector(Ptr<Node> source, IpAddress dest, Ptr<NetDevice> oif) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << source << dest << oif);
 
    Ptr<NixVector> nixVector = Create<NixVector>();
    nixVector->SetEpoch(g_epoch);
 
    // not in cache, must build the nix vector
    // First, we have to figure out the nodes
    // associated with these IPs
    Ptr<Node> destNode = GetNodeByIp(dest);
    if (!destNode)
    {
        NS_LOG_ERROR("No routing path exists");
        return nullptr;
    }
 
    // if source == dest, then we have a special case
    if (source == destNode)
    {
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Do not process packets to self");
        return nullptr;
    }
    else
    {
        // otherwise proceed as normal
        // and build the nix vector
        std::vector<Ptr<Node>> parentVector;
 
        if (BFS(NodeList::GetNNodes(), source, destNode, parentVector, oif))
        {
            if (BuildNixVector(parentVector, source->GetId(), destNode->GetId(), nixVector))
            {
                return nixVector;
            }
            else
            {
                NS_LOG_ERROR("No routing path exists");
                return nullptr;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            NS_LOG_ERROR("No routing path exists");
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
}
 
template <typename T>
Ptr<NixVector>
NixVectorRouting<T>::GetNixVectorInCache(const IpAddress& address, bool& foundInCache) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << address);
 
    CheckCacheStateAndFlush();
 
    auto iter = m_nixCache.find(address);
    if (iter != m_nixCache.end())
    {
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("Found Nix-vector in cache.");
        foundInCache = true;
        return iter->second;
    }
 
    // not in cache
    foundInCache = false;
    return nullptr;
}
 
template <typename T>
Ptr<typename NixVectorRouting<T>::IpRoute>
NixVectorRouting<T>::GetIpRouteInCache(IpAddress address)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << address);
 
    CheckCacheStateAndFlush();
 
    auto iter = m_ipRouteCache.find(address);
    if (iter != m_ipRouteCache.end())
    {
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("Found IpRoute in cache.");
        return iter->second;
    }
 
    // not in cache
    return nullptr;
}
 
template <typename T>
bool
NixVectorRouting<T>::BuildNixVector(const std::vector<Ptr<Node>>& parentVector,
                                    uint32_t source,
                                    uint32_t dest,
                                    Ptr<NixVector> nixVector) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << parentVector << source << dest << nixVector);
 
    if (source == dest)
    {
        return true;
    }
 
    if (!parentVector.at(dest))
    {
        return false;
    }
 
    Ptr<Node> parentNode = parentVector.at(dest);
 
    uint32_t numberOfDevices = parentNode->GetNDevices();
    uint32_t destId = 0;
    uint32_t totalNeighbors = 0;
 
    // scan through the net devices on the T node
    // and then look at the nodes adjacent to them
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numberOfDevices; i++)
    {
        // Get a net device from the node
        // as well as the channel, and figure
        // out the adjacent net devices
        Ptr<NetDevice> localNetDevice = parentNode->GetDevice(i);
        if (localNetDevice->IsBridge())
        {
            continue;
        }
        Ptr<Channel> channel = localNetDevice->GetChannel();
        if (!channel)
        {
            continue;
        }
 
        // this function takes in the local net dev, and channel, and
        // writes to the netDeviceContainer the adjacent net devs
        NetDeviceContainer netDeviceContainer;
        GetAdjacentNetDevices(localNetDevice, channel, netDeviceContainer);
 
        // Finally we can get the adjacent nodes
        // and scan through them.  If we find the
        // node that matches "dest" then we can add
        // the index  to the nix vector.
        // the index corresponds to the neighbor index
        uint32_t offset = 0;
        for (auto iter = netDeviceContainer.Begin(); iter != netDeviceContainer.End(); iter++)
        {
            Ptr<Node> remoteNode = (*iter)->GetNode();
 
            if (remoteNode->GetId() == dest)
            {
                destId = totalNeighbors + offset;
            }
            offset += 1;
        }
 
        totalNeighbors += netDeviceContainer.GetN();
    }
    NS_LOG_LOGIC("Adding Nix: " << destId << " with " << nixVector->BitCount(totalNeighbors)
                                << " bits, for node " << parentNode->GetId());
    nixVector->AddNeighborIndex(destId, nixVector->BitCount(totalNeighbors));
 
    // recurse through T vector, grabbing the path
    // and building the nix vector
    BuildNixVector(parentVector, source, (parentVector.at(dest))->GetId(), nixVector);
    return true;
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::GetAdjacentNetDevices(Ptr<NetDevice> netDevice,
                                           Ptr<Channel> channel,
                                           NetDeviceContainer& netDeviceContainer) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << netDevice << channel);
 
    Ptr<IpInterface> netDeviceInterface = GetInterfaceByNetDevice(netDevice);
    if (!netDeviceInterface || !netDeviceInterface->IsUp())
    {
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("IpInterface either doesn't exist or is down");
        return;
    }
 
    uint32_t netDeviceAddresses = netDeviceInterface->GetNAddresses();
 
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < channel->GetNDevices(); i++)
    {
        Ptr<NetDevice> remoteDevice = channel->GetDevice(i);
        if (remoteDevice != netDevice)
        {
            // Compare if the remoteDevice shares a common subnet with remoteDevice
            Ptr<IpInterface> remoteDeviceInterface = GetInterfaceByNetDevice(remoteDevice);
            if (!remoteDeviceInterface || !remoteDeviceInterface->IsUp())
            {
                NS_LOG_LOGIC("IpInterface either doesn't exist or is down");
                continue;
            }
 
            uint32_t remoteDeviceAddresses = remoteDeviceInterface->GetNAddresses();
            bool commonSubnetFound = false;
 
            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < netDeviceAddresses; ++j)
            {
                IpInterfaceAddress netDeviceIfAddr = netDeviceInterface->GetAddress(j);
                if constexpr (!IsIpv4)
                {
                    if (netDeviceIfAddr.GetScope() == Ipv6InterfaceAddress::LINKLOCAL)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                for (uint32_t k = 0; k < remoteDeviceAddresses; ++k)
                {
                    IpInterfaceAddress remoteDeviceIfAddr = remoteDeviceInterface->GetAddress(k);
                    if constexpr (!IsIpv4)
                    {
                        if (remoteDeviceIfAddr.GetScope() == Ipv6InterfaceAddress::LINKLOCAL)
                        {
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                    if (netDeviceIfAddr.IsInSameSubnet(remoteDeviceIfAddr.GetAddress()))
                    {
                        commonSubnetFound = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
 
                if (commonSubnetFound)
                {
                    break;
                }
            }
 
            if (!commonSubnetFound)
            {
                continue;
            }
 
            Ptr<BridgeNetDevice> bd = NetDeviceIsBridged(remoteDevice);
            // we have a bridged device, we need to add all
            // bridged devices
            if (bd)
            {
                NS_LOG_LOGIC("Looking through bridge ports of bridge net device " << bd);
                for (uint32_t j = 0; j < bd->GetNBridgePorts(); ++j)
                {
                    Ptr<NetDevice> ndBridged = bd->GetBridgePort(j);
                    if (ndBridged == remoteDevice)
                    {
                        NS_LOG_LOGIC("That bridge port is me, don't walk backward");
                        continue;
                    }
                    Ptr<Channel> chBridged = ndBridged->GetChannel();
                    if (!chBridged)
                    {
                        continue;
                    }
                    GetAdjacentNetDevices(ndBridged, chBridged, netDeviceContainer);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                netDeviceContainer.Add(channel->GetDevice(i));
            }
        }
    }
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::BuildIpAddressToNodeMap() const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS();
 
    for (auto it = NodeList::Begin(); it != NodeList::End(); ++it)
    {
        Ptr<Node> node = *it;
        Ptr<IpL3Protocol> ip = node->GetObject<IpL3Protocol>();
 
        if (ip)
        {
            uint32_t numberOfDevices = node->GetNDevices();
 
            for (uint32_t deviceId = 0; deviceId < numberOfDevices; deviceId++)
            {
                Ptr<NetDevice> device = node->GetDevice(deviceId);
 
                // If this is not a loopback device add the IP address to the map
                if (!DynamicCast<LoopbackNetDevice>(device))
                {
                    int32_t interfaceIndex = (ip)->GetInterfaceForDevice(node->GetDevice(deviceId));
                    if (interfaceIndex != -1)
                    {
                        g_netdeviceToIpInterfaceMap[device] = (ip)->GetInterface(interfaceIndex);
 
                        uint32_t numberOfAddresses = ip->GetNAddresses(interfaceIndex);
                        for (uint32_t addressIndex = 0; addressIndex < numberOfAddresses;
                             addressIndex++)
                        {
                            IpInterfaceAddress ifAddr =
                                ip->GetAddress(interfaceIndex, addressIndex);
                            IpAddress addr = ifAddr.GetAddress();
 
                            NS_ABORT_MSG_IF(
                                g_ipAddressToNodeMap.count(addr),
                                "Duplicate IP address ("
                                    << addr
                                    << ") found during NIX Vector map construction for node "
                                    << node->GetId());
 
                            NS_LOG_LOGIC("Adding IP address "
                                         << addr << " for node " << node->GetId()
                                         << " to NIX Vector IP address to node map");
                            g_ipAddressToNodeMap[addr] = node;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
 
template <typename T>
Ptr<Node>
NixVectorRouting<T>::GetNodeByIp(IpAddress dest) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << dest);
 
    // Populate lookup table if is empty.
    if (g_ipAddressToNodeMap.empty())
    {
        BuildIpAddressToNodeMap();
    }
 
    Ptr<Node> destNode;
 
    auto iter = g_ipAddressToNodeMap.find(dest);
 
    if (iter == g_ipAddressToNodeMap.end())
    {
        NS_LOG_ERROR("Couldn't find dest node given the IP" << dest);
        destNode = nullptr;
    }
    else
    {
        destNode = iter->second;
    }
 
    return destNode;
}
 
template <typename T>
Ptr<typename NixVectorRouting<T>::IpInterface>
NixVectorRouting<T>::GetInterfaceByNetDevice(Ptr<NetDevice> netDevice) const
{
    // Populate lookup table if is empty.
    if (g_netdeviceToIpInterfaceMap.empty())
    {
        BuildIpAddressToNodeMap();
    }
 
    Ptr<IpInterface> ipInterface;
 
    auto iter = g_netdeviceToIpInterfaceMap.find(netDevice);
 
    if (iter == g_netdeviceToIpInterfaceMap.end())
    {
        NS_LOG_ERROR("Couldn't find IpInterface node given the NetDevice" << netDevice);
        ipInterface = nullptr;
    }
    else
    {
        ipInterface = iter->second;
    }
 
    return ipInterface;
}
 
template <typename T>
uint32_t
NixVectorRouting<T>::FindTotalNeighbors(Ptr<Node> node) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << node);
 
    uint32_t numberOfDevices = node->GetNDevices();
    uint32_t totalNeighbors = 0;
 
    // scan through the net devices on the T node
    // and then look at the nodes adjacent to them
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numberOfDevices; i++)
    {
        // Get a net device from the node
        // as well as the channel, and figure
        // out the adjacent net devices
        Ptr<NetDevice> localNetDevice = node->GetDevice(i);
        Ptr<Channel> channel = localNetDevice->GetChannel();
        if (!channel)
        {
            continue;
        }
 
        // this function takes in the local net dev, and channel, and
        // writes to the netDeviceContainer the adjacent net devs
        NetDeviceContainer netDeviceContainer;
        GetAdjacentNetDevices(localNetDevice, channel, netDeviceContainer);
 
        totalNeighbors += netDeviceContainer.GetN();
    }
 
    return totalNeighbors;
}
 
template <typename T>
Ptr<BridgeNetDevice>
NixVectorRouting<T>::NetDeviceIsBridged(Ptr<NetDevice> nd) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << nd);
 
    Ptr<Node> node = nd->GetNode();
    uint32_t nDevices = node->GetNDevices();
 
    //
    // There is no bit on a net device that says it is being bridged, so we have
    // to look for bridges on the node to which the device is attached.  If we
    // find a bridge, we need to look through its bridge ports (the devices it
    // bridges) to see if we find the device in question.
    //
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nDevices; ++i)
    {
        Ptr<NetDevice> ndTest = node->GetDevice(i);
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("Examine device " << i << " " << ndTest);
 
        if (ndTest->IsBridge())
        {
            NS_LOG_LOGIC("device " << i << " is a bridge net device");
            Ptr<BridgeNetDevice> bnd = ndTest->GetObject<BridgeNetDevice>();
            NS_ABORT_MSG_UNLESS(
                bnd,
                "NixVectorRouting::NetDeviceIsBridged (): GetObject for <BridgeNetDevice> failed");
 
            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < bnd->GetNBridgePorts(); ++j)
            {
                NS_LOG_LOGIC("Examine bridge port " << j << " " << bnd->GetBridgePort(j));
                if (bnd->GetBridgePort(j) == nd)
                {
                    NS_LOG_LOGIC("Net device " << nd << " is bridged by " << bnd);
                    return bnd;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    NS_LOG_LOGIC("Net device " << nd << " is not bridged");
    return nullptr;
}
 
template <typename T>
uint32_t
NixVectorRouting<T>::FindNetDeviceForNixIndex(Ptr<Node> node,
                                              uint32_t nodeIndex,
                                              IpAddress& gatewayIp) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << node << nodeIndex << gatewayIp);
 
    uint32_t numberOfDevices = node->GetNDevices();
    uint32_t index = 0;
    uint32_t totalNeighbors = 0;
 
    // scan through the net devices on the parent node
    // and then look at the nodes adjacent to them
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numberOfDevices; i++)
    {
        // Get a net device from the node
        // as well as the channel, and figure
        // out the adjacent net devices
        Ptr<NetDevice> localNetDevice = node->GetDevice(i);
        Ptr<Channel> channel = localNetDevice->GetChannel();
        if (!channel)
        {
            continue;
        }
 
        // this function takes in the local net dev, and channel, and
        // writes to the netDeviceContainer the adjacent net devs
        NetDeviceContainer netDeviceContainer;
        GetAdjacentNetDevices(localNetDevice, channel, netDeviceContainer);
 
        // check how many neighbors we have
        if (nodeIndex < (totalNeighbors + netDeviceContainer.GetN()))
        {
            // found the proper net device
            index = i;
            Ptr<NetDevice> gatewayDevice = netDeviceContainer.Get(nodeIndex - totalNeighbors);
            Ptr<IpInterface> gatewayInterface = GetInterfaceByNetDevice(gatewayDevice);
            IpInterfaceAddress ifAddr = gatewayInterface->GetAddress(0);
            gatewayIp = ifAddr.GetAddress();
            break;
        }
        totalNeighbors += netDeviceContainer.GetN();
    }
 
    return index;
}
 
template <typename T>
Ptr<typename NixVectorRouting<T>::IpRoute>
NixVectorRouting<T>::RouteOutput(Ptr<Packet> p,
                                 const IpHeader& header,
                                 Ptr<NetDevice> oif,
                                 Socket::SocketErrno& sockerr)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << header << oif);
 
    Ptr<IpRoute> rtentry;
    Ptr<NixVector> nixVectorInCache;
    Ptr<NixVector> nixVectorForPacket;
 
    CheckCacheStateAndFlush();
 
    IpAddress destAddress = header.GetDestination();
 
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("Dest IP from header: " << destAddress);
 
    if (destAddress.IsLocalhost())
    {
        rtentry = Create<IpRoute>();
        rtentry->SetSource(IpAddress::GetLoopback());
        rtentry->SetDestination(destAddress);
        rtentry->SetGateway(IpAddress::GetZero());
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < m_ip->GetNInterfaces(); i++)
        {
            Ptr<LoopbackNetDevice> loNetDevice =
                DynamicCast<LoopbackNetDevice>(m_ip->GetNetDevice(i));
            if (loNetDevice)
            {
                rtentry->SetOutputDevice(loNetDevice);
                break;
            }
        }
        return rtentry;
    }
 
    if constexpr (!IsIpv4)
    {
        /* when sending on link-local multicast, there have to be interface specified */
        if (destAddress.IsLinkLocalMulticast())
        {
            NS_ASSERT_MSG(
                oif,
                "Try to send on link-local multicast address, and no interface index is given!");
            rtentry = Create<IpRoute>();
            rtentry->SetSource(
                m_ip->SourceAddressSelection(m_ip->GetInterfaceForDevice(oif), destAddress));
            rtentry->SetDestination(destAddress);
            rtentry->SetGateway(Ipv6Address::GetZero());
            rtentry->SetOutputDevice(oif);
            return rtentry;
        }
    }
    // Check the Nix cache
    bool foundInCache = false;
    nixVectorInCache = GetNixVectorInCache(destAddress, foundInCache);
 
    // not in cache
    if (!foundInCache)
    {
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("Nix-vector not in cache, build: ");
        // Build the nix-vector, given this node and the
        // dest IP address
        nixVectorInCache = GetNixVector(m_node, destAddress, oif);
        if (nixVectorInCache)
        {
            // cache it
            m_nixCache.insert(typename NixMap_t::value_type(destAddress, nixVectorInCache));
        }
    }
 
    // path exists
    if (nixVectorInCache)
    {
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("Nix-vector contents: " << *nixVectorInCache);
 
        // create a new nix vector to be used,
        // we want to keep the cached version clean
        nixVectorForPacket = nixVectorInCache->Copy();
 
        // Get the interface number that we go out of, by extracting
        // from the nix-vector
        if (m_totalNeighbors == 0)
        {
            m_totalNeighbors = FindTotalNeighbors(m_node);
        }
 
        // Get the interface number that we go out of, by extracting
        // from the nix-vector
        uint32_t numberOfBits = nixVectorForPacket->BitCount(m_totalNeighbors);
        uint32_t nodeIndex = nixVectorForPacket->ExtractNeighborIndex(numberOfBits);
 
        // Search here in a cache for this node index
        // and look for a IpRoute
        rtentry = GetIpRouteInCache(destAddress);
 
        if (!rtentry || !(rtentry->GetOutputDevice() == oif))
        {
            // not in cache or a different specified output
            // device is to be used
 
            // first, make sure we erase existing (incorrect)
            // rtentry from the map
            if (rtentry)
            {
                m_ipRouteCache.erase(destAddress);
            }
 
            NS_LOG_LOGIC("IpRoute not in cache, build: ");
            IpAddress gatewayIp;
            uint32_t index = FindNetDeviceForNixIndex(m_node, nodeIndex, gatewayIp);
            int32_t interfaceIndex = 0;
 
            if (!oif)
            {
                interfaceIndex = (m_ip)->GetInterfaceForDevice(m_node->GetDevice(index));
            }
            else
            {
                interfaceIndex = (m_ip)->GetInterfaceForDevice(oif);
            }
 
            NS_ASSERT_MSG(interfaceIndex != -1, "Interface index not found for device");
 
            IpAddress sourceIPAddr = m_ip->SourceAddressSelection(interfaceIndex, destAddress);
 
            // start filling in the IpRoute info
            rtentry = Create<IpRoute>();
            rtentry->SetSource(sourceIPAddr);
 
            rtentry->SetGateway(gatewayIp);
            rtentry->SetDestination(destAddress);
 
            if (!oif)
            {
                rtentry->SetOutputDevice(m_ip->GetNetDevice(interfaceIndex));
            }
            else
            {
                rtentry->SetOutputDevice(oif);
            }
 
            sockerr = Socket::ERROR_NOTERROR;
 
            // add rtentry to cache
            m_ipRouteCache.insert(typename IpRouteMap_t::value_type(destAddress, rtentry));
        }
 
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("Nix-vector contents: " << *nixVectorInCache << " : Remaining bits: "
                                             << nixVectorForPacket->GetRemainingBits());
 
        // Add  nix-vector in the packet class
        // make sure the packet exists first
        if (p)
        {
            NS_LOG_LOGIC("Adding Nix-vector to packet: " << *nixVectorForPacket);
            p->SetNixVector(nixVectorForPacket);
        }
    }
    else // path doesn't exist
    {
        NS_LOG_ERROR("No path to the dest: " << destAddress);
        sockerr = Socket::ERROR_NOROUTETOHOST;
    }
 
    return rtentry;
}
 
template <typename T>
bool
NixVectorRouting<T>::RouteInput(Ptr<const Packet> p,
                                const IpHeader& header,
                                Ptr<const NetDevice> idev,
                                const UnicastForwardCallback& ucb,
                                const MulticastForwardCallback& mcb,
                                const LocalDeliverCallback& lcb,
                                const ErrorCallback& ecb)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << p << header << header.GetSource() << header.GetDestination() << idev);
 
    CheckCacheStateAndFlush();
 
    NS_ASSERT(m_ip);
    // Check if input device supports IP
    NS_ASSERT(m_ip->GetInterfaceForDevice(idev) >= 0);
    uint32_t iif = m_ip->GetInterfaceForDevice(idev);
    // Check if input device supports IP
    NS_ASSERT(iif >= 0);
 
    IpAddress destAddress = header.GetDestination();
 
    if constexpr (IsIpv4)
    {
        // Local delivery
        if (m_ip->IsDestinationAddress(destAddress, iif))
        {
            if (!lcb.IsNull())
            {
                NS_LOG_LOGIC("Local delivery to " << destAddress);
                p->SetNixVector(nullptr);
                lcb(p, header, iif);
                return true;
            }
            else
            {
                // The local delivery callback is null.  This may be a multicast
                // or broadcast packet, so return false so that another
                // multicast routing protocol can handle it.  It should be possible
                // to extend this to explicitly check whether it is a unicast
                // packet, and invoke the error callback if so
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        if (destAddress.IsMulticast())
        {
            NS_LOG_LOGIC("Multicast route not supported by Nix-Vector routing " << destAddress);
            return false; // Let other routing protocols try to handle this
        }
 
        // Check if input device supports IP forwarding
        if (m_ip->IsForwarding(iif) == false)
        {
            NS_LOG_LOGIC("Forwarding disabled for this interface");
            if (!ecb.IsNull())
            {
                ecb(p, header, Socket::ERROR_NOROUTETOHOST);
            }
            return true;
        }
    }
 
    Ptr<IpRoute> rtentry;
 
    // Get the nix-vector from the packet
    Ptr<NixVector> nixVector = p->GetNixVector();
 
    // If nixVector isn't in packet, something went wrong
    NS_ASSERT(nixVector);
 
    if (nixVector->GetEpoch() != g_epoch)
    {
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("NixVector epoch mismatch (" << nixVector->GetEpoch() << " Vs " << g_epoch
                                                  << ") - rebuilding it");
        nixVector = GetNixVector(m_node, destAddress, nullptr);
        p->SetNixVector(nixVector);
    }
 
    // Get the interface number that we go out of, by extracting
    // from the nix-vector
    if (m_totalNeighbors == 0)
    {
        m_totalNeighbors = FindTotalNeighbors(m_node);
    }
    uint32_t numberOfBits = nixVector->BitCount(m_totalNeighbors);
    uint32_t nodeIndex = nixVector->ExtractNeighborIndex(numberOfBits);
 
    rtentry = GetIpRouteInCache(destAddress);
    // not in cache
    if (!rtentry)
    {
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("IpRoute not in cache, build: ");
        IpAddress gatewayIp;
        uint32_t index = FindNetDeviceForNixIndex(m_node, nodeIndex, gatewayIp);
        uint32_t interfaceIndex = (m_ip)->GetInterfaceForDevice(m_node->GetDevice(index));
        IpInterfaceAddress ifAddr = m_ip->GetAddress(interfaceIndex, 0);
 
        // start filling in the IpRoute info
        rtentry = Create<IpRoute>();
        rtentry->SetSource(ifAddr.GetAddress());
 
        rtentry->SetGateway(gatewayIp);
        rtentry->SetDestination(destAddress);
        rtentry->SetOutputDevice(m_ip->GetNetDevice(interfaceIndex));
 
        // add rtentry to cache
        m_ipRouteCache.insert(typename IpRouteMap_t::value_type(destAddress, rtentry));
    }
 
    NS_LOG_LOGIC("At Node " << m_node->GetId() << ", Extracting " << numberOfBits
                            << " bits from Nix-vector: " << nixVector << " : " << *nixVector);
 
    // call the unicast callback
    // local deliver is handled by Ipv4StaticRoutingImpl
    // so this code is never even called if the packet is
    // destined for this node.
    if constexpr (IsIpv4)
    {
        ucb(rtentry, p, header);
    }
    else
    {
        ucb(idev, rtentry, p, header);
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::PrintRoutingTable(Ptr<OutputStreamWrapper> stream, Time::Unit unit) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS();
 
    CheckCacheStateAndFlush();
 
    std::ostream* os = stream->GetStream();
    // Copy the current ostream state
    std::ios oldState(nullptr);
    oldState.copyfmt(*os);
 
    *os << std::resetiosflags(std::ios::adjustfield) << std::setiosflags(std::ios::left);
 
    *os << "Node: " << m_ip->template GetObject<Node>()->GetId() << ", Time: " << Now().As(unit)
        << ", Local time: " << m_ip->template GetObject<Node>()->GetLocalTime().As(unit)
        << ", Nix Routing" << std::endl;
 
    *os << "NixCache:" << std::endl;
    if (m_nixCache.size() > 0)
    {
        *os << std::setw(30) << "Destination";
        *os << "NixVector" << std::endl;
        for (auto it = m_nixCache.begin(); it != m_nixCache.end(); it++)
        {
            std::ostringstream dest;
            dest << it->first;
            *os << std::setw(30) << dest.str();
            if (it->second)
            {
                *os << *(it->second) << std::endl;
            }
            else
            {
                *os << "-" << std::endl;
            }
        }
    }
 
    *os << "IpRouteCache:" << std::endl;
    if (m_ipRouteCache.size() > 0)
    {
        *os << std::setw(30) << "Destination";
        *os << std::setw(30) << "Gateway";
        *os << std::setw(30) << "Source";
        *os << "OutputDevice" << std::endl;
        for (auto it = m_ipRouteCache.begin(); it != m_ipRouteCache.end(); it++)
        {
            std::ostringstream dest;
            std::ostringstream gw;
            std::ostringstream src;
            dest << it->second->GetDestination();
            *os << std::setw(30) << dest.str();
            gw << it->second->GetGateway();
            *os << std::setw(30) << gw.str();
            src << it->second->GetSource();
            *os << std::setw(30) << src.str();
            *os << "  ";
            if (Names::FindName(it->second->GetOutputDevice()) != "")
            {
                *os << Names::FindName(it->second->GetOutputDevice());
            }
            else
            {
                *os << it->second->GetOutputDevice()->GetIfIndex();
            }
            *os << std::endl;
        }
    }
    *os << std::endl;
    // Restore the previous ostream state
    (*os).copyfmt(oldState);
}
 
// virtual functions from Ipv4RoutingProtocol
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::NotifyInterfaceUp(uint32_t i)
{
    g_isCacheDirty = true;
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::NotifyInterfaceDown(uint32_t i)
{
    g_isCacheDirty = true;
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::NotifyAddAddress(uint32_t interface, IpInterfaceAddress address)
{
    g_isCacheDirty = true;
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::NotifyRemoveAddress(uint32_t interface, IpInterfaceAddress address)
{
    g_isCacheDirty = true;
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::NotifyAddRoute(IpAddress dst,
                                    Ipv6Prefix mask,
                                    IpAddress nextHop,
                                    uint32_t interface,
                                    IpAddress prefixToUse)
{
    g_isCacheDirty = true;
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::NotifyRemoveRoute(IpAddress dst,
                                       Ipv6Prefix mask,
                                       IpAddress nextHop,
                                       uint32_t interface,
                                       IpAddress prefixToUse)
{
    g_isCacheDirty = true;
}
 
template <typename T>
bool
NixVectorRouting<T>::BFS(uint32_t numberOfNodes,
                         Ptr<Node> source,
                         Ptr<Node> dest,
                         std::vector<Ptr<Node>>& parentVector,
                         Ptr<NetDevice> oif) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << numberOfNodes << source << dest << parentVector << oif);
 
    NS_LOG_LOGIC("Going from Node " << source->GetId() << " to Node " << dest->GetId());
    std::queue<Ptr<Node>> greyNodeList; // discovered nodes with unexplored children
 
    // reset the parent vector
    parentVector.assign(numberOfNodes, nullptr); // initialize to 0
 
    // Add the source node to the queue, set its parent to itself
    greyNodeList.push(source);
    parentVector.at(source->GetId()) = source;
 
    // BFS loop
    while (!greyNodeList.empty())
    {
        Ptr<Node> currNode = greyNodeList.front();
        Ptr<IpL3Protocol> ip = currNode->GetObject<IpL3Protocol>();
 
        if (currNode == dest)
        {
            NS_LOG_LOGIC("Made it to Node " << currNode->GetId());
            return true;
        }
 
        // if this is the first iteration of the loop and a
        // specific output interface was given, make sure
        // we go this way
        if (currNode == source && oif)
        {
            // make sure that we can go this way
            if (ip)
            {
                uint32_t interfaceIndex = (ip)->GetInterfaceForDevice(oif);
                if (!(ip->IsUp(interfaceIndex)))
                {
                    NS_LOG_LOGIC("IpInterface is down");
                    return false;
                }
            }
            if (!(oif->IsLinkUp()))
            {
                NS_LOG_LOGIC("Link is down.");
                return false;
            }
            Ptr<Channel> channel = oif->GetChannel();
            if (!channel)
            {
                return false;
            }
 
            // this function takes in the local net dev, and channel, and
            // writes to the netDeviceContainer the adjacent net devs
            NetDeviceContainer netDeviceContainer;
            GetAdjacentNetDevices(oif, channel, netDeviceContainer);
 
            // Finally we can get the adjacent nodes
            // and scan through them.  We push them
            // to the greyNode queue, if they aren't
            // already there.
            for (auto iter = netDeviceContainer.Begin(); iter != netDeviceContainer.End(); iter++)
            {
                Ptr<Node> remoteNode = (*iter)->GetNode();
                Ptr<IpInterface> remoteIpInterface = GetInterfaceByNetDevice(*iter);
                if (!remoteIpInterface || !(remoteIpInterface->IsUp()))
                {
                    NS_LOG_LOGIC("IpInterface either doesn't exist or is down");
                    continue;
                }
 
                // check to see if this node has been pushed before
                // by checking to see if it has a parent
                // if it doesn't (null or 0), then set its parent and
                // push to the queue
                if (!parentVector.at(remoteNode->GetId()))
                {
                    parentVector.at(remoteNode->GetId()) = currNode;
                    greyNodeList.push(remoteNode);
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // Iterate over the current node's adjacent vertices
            // and push them into the queue
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < (currNode->GetNDevices()); i++)
            {
                // Get a net device from the node
                // as well as the channel, and figure
                // out the adjacent net device
                Ptr<NetDevice> localNetDevice = currNode->GetDevice(i);
 
                // make sure that we can go this way
                if (ip)
                {
                    uint32_t interfaceIndex = (ip)->GetInterfaceForDevice(currNode->GetDevice(i));
                    if (!(ip->IsUp(interfaceIndex)))
                    {
                        NS_LOG_LOGIC("IpInterface is down");
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                if (!(localNetDevice->IsLinkUp()))
                {
                    NS_LOG_LOGIC("Link is down.");
                    continue;
                }
                Ptr<Channel> channel = localNetDevice->GetChannel();
                if (!channel)
                {
                    continue;
                }
 
                // this function takes in the local net dev, and channel, and
                // writes to the netDeviceContainer the adjacent net devs
                NetDeviceContainer netDeviceContainer;
                GetAdjacentNetDevices(localNetDevice, channel, netDeviceContainer);
 
                // Finally we can get the adjacent nodes
                // and scan through them.  We push them
                // to the greyNode queue, if they aren't
                // already there.
                for (auto iter = netDeviceContainer.Begin(); iter != netDeviceContainer.End();
                     iter++)
                {
                    Ptr<Node> remoteNode = (*iter)->GetNode();
                    Ptr<IpInterface> remoteIpInterface = GetInterfaceByNetDevice(*iter);
                    if (!remoteIpInterface || !(remoteIpInterface->IsUp()))
                    {
                        NS_LOG_LOGIC("IpInterface either doesn't exist or is down");
                        continue;
                    }
 
                    // check to see if this node has been pushed before
                    // by checking to see if it has a parent
                    // if it doesn't (null or 0), then set its parent and
                    // push to the queue
                    if (!parentVector.at(remoteNode->GetId()))
                    {
                        parentVector.at(remoteNode->GetId()) = currNode;
                        greyNodeList.push(remoteNode);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
 
        // Pop off the head grey node.  We have all its children.
        // It is now black.
        greyNodeList.pop();
    }
 
    // Didn't find the dest...
    return false;
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::PrintRoutingPath(Ptr<Node> source,
                                      IpAddress dest,
                                      Ptr<OutputStreamWrapper> stream,
                                      Time::Unit unit) const
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << source << dest);
 
    Ptr<NixVector> nixVectorInCache;
    Ptr<NixVector> nixVector;
    Ptr<IpRoute> rtentry;
 
    CheckCacheStateAndFlush();
 
    Ptr<Node> destNode = GetNodeByIp(dest);
    if (!destNode)
    {
        NS_LOG_ERROR("No routing path exists");
        return;
    }
 
    std::ostream* os = stream->GetStream();
    // Copy the current ostream state
    std::ios oldState(nullptr);
    oldState.copyfmt(*os);
 
    *os << std::resetiosflags(std::ios::adjustfield) << std::setiosflags(std::ios::left);
    *os << "Time: " << Now().As(unit) << ", Nix Routing" << std::endl;
    *os << "Route path from ";
    *os << "Node " << source->GetId() << " to Node " << destNode->GetId() << ", ";
    *os << "Nix Vector: ";
 
    // Check the Nix cache
    bool foundInCache = true;
    nixVectorInCache = GetNixVectorInCache(dest, foundInCache);
 
    // not in cache
    if (!foundInCache)
    {
        NS_LOG_LOGIC("Nix-vector not in cache, build: ");
        // Build the nix-vector, given the source node and the
        // dest IP address
        nixVectorInCache = GetNixVector(source, dest, nullptr);
    }
 
    if (nixVectorInCache || (!nixVectorInCache && source == destNode))
    {
        Ptr<Node> curr = source;
        uint32_t totalNeighbors = 0;
 
        if (nixVectorInCache)
        {
            // Make a NixVector copy to work with. This is because
            // we don't want to extract the bits from nixVectorInCache
            // which is stored in the m_nixCache.
            nixVector = nixVectorInCache->Copy();
 
            *os << *nixVector;
        }
        *os << std::endl;
 
        if (source == destNode)
        {
            std::ostringstream addr;
            std::ostringstream node;
            addr << dest;
            node << "(Node " << destNode->GetId() << ")";
            *os << std::setw(25) << addr.str();
            *os << std::setw(10) << node.str();
            *os << "---->   ";
            *os << std::setw(25) << addr.str();
            *os << node.str() << std::endl;
        }
 
        while (curr != destNode)
        {
            totalNeighbors = FindTotalNeighbors(curr);
            // Get the number of bits required
            // to represent all the neighbors
            uint32_t numberOfBits = nixVector->BitCount(totalNeighbors);
            // Get the nixIndex
            uint32_t nixIndex = nixVector->ExtractNeighborIndex(numberOfBits);
            // gatewayIP is the IP of next
            // node on channel found from nixIndex
            IpAddress gatewayIp;
            // Get the Net Device index from the nixIndex
            uint32_t netDeviceIndex = FindNetDeviceForNixIndex(curr, nixIndex, gatewayIp);
            // Get the interfaceIndex with the help of netDeviceIndex.
            // It will be used to get the IP address on interfaceIndex
            // interface of 'curr' node.
            Ptr<IpL3Protocol> ip = curr->GetObject<IpL3Protocol>();
            Ptr<NetDevice> outDevice = curr->GetDevice(netDeviceIndex);
            uint32_t interfaceIndex = ip->GetInterfaceForDevice(outDevice);
            IpAddress sourceIPAddr;
            if (curr == source)
            {
                sourceIPAddr = ip->SourceAddressSelection(interfaceIndex, dest);
            }
            else
            {
                // We use the first address because it's indifferent which one
                // we use to identify intermediate routers
                sourceIPAddr = ip->GetAddress(interfaceIndex, 0).GetAddress();
            }
 
            std::ostringstream currAddr;
            std::ostringstream currNode;
            std::ostringstream nextAddr;
            std::ostringstream nextNode;
            currAddr << sourceIPAddr;
            currNode << "(Node " << curr->GetId() << ")";
            *os << std::setw(25) << currAddr.str();
            *os << std::setw(10) << currNode.str();
            // Replace curr with the next node
            curr = GetNodeByIp(gatewayIp);
            nextAddr << ((curr == destNode) ? dest : gatewayIp);
            nextNode << "(Node " << curr->GetId() << ")";
            *os << "---->   ";
            *os << std::setw(25) << nextAddr.str();
            *os << nextNode.str() << std::endl;
        }
        *os << std::endl;
    }
    else
    {
        *os << ")" << std::endl;
        // No Route exists
        *os << "There does not exist a path from Node " << source->GetId() << " to Node "
            << destNode->GetId() << "." << std::endl;
    }
    // Restore the previous ostream state
    (*os).copyfmt(oldState);
}
 
template <typename T>
void
NixVectorRouting<T>::CheckCacheStateAndFlush() const
{
    if (g_isCacheDirty)
    {
        FlushGlobalNixRoutingCache();
        g_epoch++;
        g_isCacheDirty = false;
    }
}
 
/* Public template function declarations */
template void NixVectorRouting<Ipv4RoutingProtocol>::SetNode(Ptr<Node> node);
template void NixVectorRouting<Ipv6RoutingProtocol>::SetNode(Ptr<Node> node);
template void NixVectorRouting<Ipv4RoutingProtocol>::FlushGlobalNixRoutingCache() const;
template void NixVectorRouting<Ipv6RoutingProtocol>::FlushGlobalNixRoutingCache() const;
template void NixVectorRouting<Ipv4RoutingProtocol>::PrintRoutingPath(
    Ptr<Node> source,
    IpAddress dest,
    Ptr<OutputStreamWrapper> stream,
    Time::Unit unit) const;
template void NixVectorRouting<Ipv6RoutingProtocol>::PrintRoutingPath(
    Ptr<Node> source,
    IpAddress dest,
    Ptr<OutputStreamWrapper> stream,
    Time::Unit unit) const;
 
} // namespace ns3